Description of research and teaching

(Huom: Klikkaa maapallon kuvaa oikeassa ylälaidassa löytääksesi suomenkielisen version!)

Professor of Social History

I am an economic and social historian working on topics related to development, poverty, welfare, gender and human capital. My research interests include the quantitative history of human development (particularly health, education and physiological capital), social inequality, intrahousehold resource allocation, historical indicators of well-being, relationships between economic and human development, dialogue between development policy, development economics and development history, as well as relevant approaches and sources, such as microeconometrics, historical demography, anthropometrics, household budgets, social network analysis and oral histories.

In addition to academic research, I have worked in development in India, Tanzania, Syria, and Mozambique in different capacities, such as an intern, a UN official, and a consultant. Although I am a permanent resident of Helsinki, I have been based in Africa and the Middle East for several years since 2005. Since fall 2022, I am spending parts of the academic year in Zambia.

Since fall 2023, I have lead a four-year project funded by the Academy of Finland called “A scarred people: The imprint of crises on population health and livelihoods in early 20th century Finland”. The project uses individual level data to study the long-run impact of economic and social crises on population health, livelihoods, and capabilities.

Since January 2025, I have been the director of the Master’s Programme in Society and Change.

I got my PhD at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy in 2008. My thesis was on informal transfers between households as a form of social security in early 20^th century Finland. I have been on longer academic visits at the Economic History Department of the London School of Economics twice, first as a doctoral student and recently as a Visiting Fellow in 2021. I am currently serving in the Editorial Boards of the European Review of Economic History and Social Science History. I have served in the Executive Committee of the Social Science History Association and been a member of the Programme Committees of the 2023 and 2024 Annual Conferences of the SSHA. I have also participated in the activities of the Rule of Law Center of the University of Helsinki in Mozambique.

Teaching 2025-2026

Courses (all taught in Finnish):

Fall term 2025

YK-111 Johdatus yhteiskunnallisen muutoksen tutkimukseen 1, sosiaalihistorian osuus (periodi I) [Introductory course to the Bachelor's program in social change 1, social history part]

YMT-3509 Maisteriseminaari II, talous- ja sosiaalihistoria (periodit I-II) [Master’s thesis seminar]

Spring term 2026

YMV-T518 Väestö, kuolleisuus ja kehitys (tammikuun intensiivijakso) [Population, mortality and development]

YKT-252 Näkökulmia Suomen sosiaalihistoriaan (periodi III, yhdessä Alejandro Gomez-del-Moralin kanssa) [Perspectives on social history in Finland]

YMT-3508 Maisteriseminaari I, talous- ja sosiaalihistoria (periodit III-IV) [Master’s thesis seminar]

YMT-3505 Syventävät kvantitatiiviset menetelmät (periodi IV) [Advanced quantitative methods]

Exams and essays (throughout the year):

YKT-252 Näkökulmia Suomen sosiaalihistoriaan [Perspectives on social history in Finland]

YMV-T518 Väestö, kuolleisuus ja kehitys [Population, mortality and development]

I also co-organize the Research Seminar in Economic and Social History together with Andrei Markevich.

Previous research projects:

Beyond virtuous circles: A new economic history of human development in Finland, 19th-20th c. (Academy of Finland Research Fellow, 2017-2022)

Counteracting amnesia in development -- studies from the periphery (Academy of Finland, director Juhani Koponen, 2014-2016)

Household risk management before the welfare state: Coping with insecurity in early 20th century Finland (Academy of Finland, Postdoctoral Researcher's Project, 2010-2014)

Work in progress:

Scarred City: Exploring Lifespan and Mortality Patterns among Former Civil War Participants in Tampere 

(with Jarmo Peltola and Leena Enbom)

Between 1917 and 1918, about 5,000 residents of Tampere joined the Red Guards. This accounted for about 12% of the city’s population. The Tampere Guard mainly involved young working people, mostly descendants of the urban and rural working classes. In the Civil War, including the prison camps, about 15 % of the Tampere Red Guards affiliates died. Three quarters of the survivors continued their lives in Tampere. In this study, we investigate the lifespans and mortality patterns of individuals who participated in the civil war. Specifically, we aim to determine whether former affiliates of the Red Guard experienced comparatively shorter lifespans. We seek to uncover the factors associated with variations in lifespan among this cohort. Furthermore, we endeavour to identify the most prevalent causes of death among former Red Guard members and ascertain whether these patterns diverge from those observed at the population level. In the analysis, we make use of a database compiled from several registers, covering both the Red Guards and the rest of the city's population. By addressing these questions, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of the long-term health implications of the civil war on the population. For instance, we will investigate the impact of unemployment on individuals' lifespans by linking the data of Red Guard affiliates with unemployment records.

Socioeconomic Scarring from a 1916 Typhoid Epidemic in a Finnish Industrial City

(with Jarmo Peltola)

Long run damage to human capital from exposure to infectious diseases, epidemic or otherwise, has become a growing research area particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to mortality, many studies have looked at long-run socioeconomic outcomes like employment, incomes or education. This paper uses comprehensive patient records from a 1916 typhoid epidemic in the Finnish industrial city of Tampere linked with full census records from 1930 to analyze the association of the health shock with outcomes including occupational mobility and residence patterns. Linkage with regularly published address calendars enables looking at potential effects not only at a single cross section but as trajectories over life courses at the individual level. Comprehensive hospital records make it possible to consider the impact of variation in diagnoses and disease burdens on the severity of scarring. Close knowledge of the local context and the existence of a multidimensional urban demographic database make it possible to decompose the effect of other crises and factors such as participation in the 1918 Civil War.

Sex Ratios at Birth and ‘Missing Girls’ in Finland: Regional and Temporal Variation, 1880-1938

In modern, relatively stable, and equitable reference populations, a constant of male excess in births as well as in subsequent mortality across age groups can be observed. However, both sex ratios at birth (SRB) and sex ratios in later life are known to vary significantly across populations over time and place. Variation in sex ratios in surviving cohorts has been associated with discrimination within households at early ages, most famously in the analysis of “Missing girls” by Amartya Sen, as well as with gendered changes in disease mortality over time. Compelling historical and modern evidence of neglect and infanticide targeting girls has been found for certain regions such as South Asia and Spain, whereas the debate has remained lively on e.g., historical Britain. Variation in SRB, then again, has been variously associated with environmental and societal stress during gestation, the composition of parents (age, coital frequency) and other factors such as temperature or genetics. Since the potential explanations for the two types of variation are largely orthogonal, it would be important to know how much of variation in sex ratios of surviving cohorts can be explained by variation in SRB, and how much can be explained by differential mortality after birth. This paper uses exceptionally comprehensive local data to analyze regional and temporal variation in sex ratios at birth and in childhood in rural Finland in order to both identify regional patterns and to decompose the role of SRB in sex ratios in subsequent age cohorts. The data consists of municipality level annual records of births by sex (c. 25 000 observations in a panel on 423 stable, harmonized units), decennial data on municipality level age-sex composition, and a vector of local socioeconomic controls. The data has been linked to shapefiles for mapping and spatial analysis. It is further augmented by monthly aggregate time series of births and stillbirths by sex covering the entire period. This enables addressing the following questions: are there consistent regional or temporal patterns in sex ratios and/or SRB? How much of the variation in sex ratios is explained by variation in SRB? What could plausibly explain the regional or temporal variation in sex ratios and/or SRB?

The Anthropometrics of War, Famine and Development: Helsinki schoolchildren, 1910-1932 (with Joël Floris and Tuuli Hurme)

This project is based on rare individual level health records of c. 18,000 Helsinki primary school students of both sexes in the years 1910-1932, fully digitized for the first time in 2020. The data will be used to analyze the effects of major historical shocks, in particular the Finnish Civil War of 1918 and the disruptions in food supply in 1917-1919, on the nutritional status and growth patterns of children. The school health cards of Helsinki are in many ways a unique source. The primary school data contain both sexes. Historical anthropometric data on females is still scarce (Steckel, 2009; Koepke et. al., 2018). School data have fewer selection issues than the classic sources of anthropometric data such as armies and prisons (A’Hearn, 2004). The covered period, 1910-1932, includes major crises, particularly 1917-1919, and the volume of observations is large enough for analyzing trends and social decomposition with adequate statistical power. In addition, it is unique that the individual records have survived: the few studies analyzing anthropometric measures of children in the context of World War I have had to rely on summary statistics (Harris, 1993; Cox, 2015). Using measurement of schoolchildren to assess nutritional status and health has several advantages (Cox, 2015): Children are more sensitive to changes in nutritional status; thus negative environmental impacts are more immediately seen in children’s stature and growth than in adult measurements; deficit during deprivation can be masked in later years through catch-up growth; and finally, negative impact in childhood increases risk of disease and likelihood of mortality in adulthood. Thus a number of approaches for developing metrics of health status on the basis of the data are possible. External references like the new universal WHO growth standard designed for contemporary developing countries, providing highly precise benchmarks on height and weight for boys and girls of different ages (WHO 2007) or the Finnish national scale (detailed data in PI’s possession), can be applied to determine the extent of harmful stunting by modern standards. As an application to the crisis of 1918, the following analyses are attainable: measurement of BMI and weight changes during the crisis itself in order to understand the severity and incidence of the immediate nutrition shock among children already at school; comparison of effects on stunting and estimation of compensatory growth among cohorts that were hit by the crisis at different ages; and comparison of cohorts born during and right after the crisis. All of the above can be done with conditional distributions using school catchment areas as proxy for SES variation, as well as by sex. While 1918 has mainly been depicted as a political event and as a tragedy of violence, its human development implications have been neglected, particularly considering the severity of the shock. This project will work towards measures of the cost of the conflict in damaged human capital.

Selection, distribution and change in birth weights during crisis and growth periods in an urban near-complete count data, 1921-1945 (with Jarmo Peltola)

Recent work on birth weights has on one hand reaffirmed their association with later life outcomes, on the other hand produced findings challenging the notion that birth weights are an appropriate indicator for standard of living or fetal health variation in general. We leverage a rare dataset on the near-complete universe of births in the Finnish city of Tampere in 1921-1945 (c. 35 000 births) to precisely measure the variation in the distribution of birth weights and its underlying constituents during the crisis and growth periods in these years. The data contains birth weights and heights, birth order, mother’s age, mother’s or spouse’s occupation, ordinal maternal health score, mother’s age at menarche, and identifying information. It is possible to effectively control for issues of selection by analyzing compositional changes in the social and spatial background of the mothers.

The impoverished insophisticate: Human and economic development in Finland, 19th-20th centuries

A central tenet of the Scandinavian development narrative has been the notion of synergy between human capital and economic growth – a model Lars Sandberg (1979) famously elaborated by referring to mid-19^th century Sweden as an “impoverished sophisticate” characterized by high life expectancy, high levels of literacy and low GDP. The human development characteristics were seen to facilitate later take-off in terms of growth. It is a well-worn practice in Finnish economic history literature to use Scandinavia as the primary reference group when assessing Finnish economic and social development, although by many standards Finland was midway between this group and what is now termed Central and Eastern Europe. This paper assesses the Finnish case from this perspective by reconstructing and deconstructing a historical human development index (HHDI) for Finland and comparing it both to the usual suspects from Scandinavia and Western Europe and to a select set of countries more similar by initial state and geopolitical economy (E.g., Ireland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland). Comparison are made not only in terms of timings of convergence and timings of take-offs and accelerations, but also timings of divergence. Methodologically, the paper also discusses characteristics of the HDI as a representation of development by unpicking how perspectives change when moving from a composite “mashup” index of development to a “dashboard” of dimensions, and how this affects the plausibility of the Nordic narrative. A systematic comparison of HDI and contributions to HDI of its subcomponents in the Nordic countries over different historical periods à la Prados de la Escosura will be included. Despite a rather complete convergence with the Nordic pattern by the late 20^th century, Finland emerges as an “impoverished insophisticate” where economic growth was the first dimension to diverge from the periphery, education lagged behind not only other Nordics but also parts of the European periphery surprisingly long by many metrics, and the evolution of health was far from linear. The observations are discussed in detailed historical context.

Beneath Moral Economy: An Economic and Social Microhistory of Informal Assistance in Early 20th Century Finland (kirja, kustannussopimus Helsinki University Press)

The book is about connections and comparisons between the ideologies, popular discourses and practices of informal assistance in early 20th century Finland. It aims to show how stated ideals and their local, situational interpretations linked and contrasted with real transfers of resources and actual material outcomes at the household level. In a nutshell, it is a case study of the nature of the “informal welfare state” in Finland – as ideologies, everyday experiences and material outcomes – before the era of the “real” welfare state.

    The book operates on two levels, empirical and methodological. In addition to yielding concrete results, the historical investigations are intended to represent a series of laboratory experiments of sorts on the effects of using different approaches on the topic. Besides the conclusions on informal assistance per se, also the approaches used in different parts of the book, the changes of those approaches, and their consequences, are an essential part of the study. The book is written with close attention to historical contexts, not only of the historical acts studied, but of the theories, methodological tools and sources used.

The main sources of the study consist of oral histories, parish registers, tax and poor relief records and household budgets. They are briefly introduced, and their interconnections and the perspectives they offer discussed. In the introduction I also show how literatures on themes like ‘dual’, ‘moral’ and ‘informal’ economies, families, households and social networks, and exchange, risk and insurance, as well as survival strategies, relate to each other and the subject, and how their underlying intellectual histories have affected previous interpretations.

    In the first empirical part, based principally on oral histories, there are three main components, which all approach the material in slightly different ways and show different things. First, under the heading “Imagining a Moral Economy”, there is an exercise in decontextualisation, where, in the spirit of early 20th century ethnography, the material is treated as if it was an expression of a coherent culture of solidarity to construct main elements of what a collective popular moral economy could have looked like. It is the respectable alternative to formal assistance or credit, something that does not threaten an ethos of independence. It becomes evident the oral histories are prone to emphasize informal and de-emphasize formal assistance. Informal solidarity is not expressed as something universal, but rather as something that attaches itself to specific social groups and demarcates them strictly from some others. This pattern gives rise to an archipelago of segregated solidarities – of a village, a factory, a block, a street gang – rather than a universal peoples’ communion. The oral histories also refer explicitly to material necessity as the reason behind informal solidarity. This necessity is elevated into a virtue, most strikingly in an interview making reference to the “blessed poverty” of the past, which turned everything common. The hallmark of a good community in all the cases studied seemed to be that no-one was better off than anybody else. This was a blunt weapon against envy, which was the worst threat to solidarity.

    In the next part, in analyzing the political economy of solidarity, such discourses are returned to their historical contexts, and put in motion. The empirical focus is on the historical background and practical interaction of different kinds of notions of communities, the social identities and roles they attribute on people, and their relation to the descriptions of practices of solidarity – informal transfers – in the oral histories. The analysis is carried out as microhistorical case studies of a rural factory community and of an informal notable living in a suburb of Helsinki. In the encounters that took place during a strike in the former case, it is possible to see how political discourses emanating from various centres of power – state, employers, the labour movement – entered into people’s self-definitions, but how people at the same time made their own, situational uses of them when informal assistance was sought. In the latter case, careful record linkage is used to show a number of significant omissions, turning seemingly innocuous factual statements into meaningful strategic representations, and suggesting systematic biases towards informal assistance in describing livelihoods and sources of income. Finally, the part addresses the role of nostalgia in the descriptions of informal solidarity. In each of the communities discussed, potentially traumatizing events generating nostalgia can be pointed out: end of production at a factory, dissolution of cooperation among smallholders, and the demolition and redevelopment of a working-class neighborhood. Nostalgia and the end of certain concrete forms of cooperation coexist in oral histories of informal solidarity.

    The final part of the book provides a quantitative analysis of the size, logic and effectiveness of informal transfers, based on a unique dataset from 1928 subjected to econometric treatment. In quantitative terms, informal assistance was relatively scarce. It took various forms which followed logics that broadly resembled social security but had significant differences. Gifts and assistance were more important for chronically low-income workers, whereas informal loans were related to temporary fluctuations in income and more accessible to richer workers. Assistance in kind targeted households with many small children. In the male-dominated households of the data, informal assistance in cash was apparently controlled by men, whereas the “informal child allowance” represented by assistance in kind was controlled by women.

  The assessment of the book is critical. Informal solidarity seemed to require its unworthy Others, who were violating against its norms, and discursively excluded. In different historical situations, entitlement to assistance was attached to changing political and social circumstances, which made access uncertain, difficult, and at times, humiliating for the potential beneficiaries. Kinship trumped principles. Income inequality was replicated as income smoothing inequality, and support seemed economically inadequate.

The meaning of these results for contemporary discussions on social policy, the nature of modern society and alternative economies of solidarity is discussed in detail.