An evaluation of the influence of water depth and river inflow on quantitative Cladocera-based temperature and lake level inferences in a shallow boreal lake

Surface sediment samples from Lake Moaralmsee in the Austrian Alps were examined for fossil remains of aquatic insects and mites. This study investigated the influence of water depth on the fauna, to explore the possibility of using such fossil remains in sediment cores to reconstruct past water level changes. In addition, instar-specific patterns of chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) head capsule accumulation were examined to evaluate whether the smaller, lighter-weight early instars are more easily transported within the lake basin, creating a potential source of error for paleolimnological inferences. Results showed that intra-lake distribution of these zoological remains is closely related to water depth and suggested that the fossils accumulate near each species’ habitat. In addition, the ratio between exoskeletons of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) and chironomid head capsules was strongly related to water depth. Examination of instar-specific accumulation patterns of all chironomid remains showed no significant relationship between specific instars and water depth, though littoral samples consisted only of the 3rd and 4th instars. A taxon-specific examination revealed that the early instars of Paracladius are significantly focused to the deeper parts of the basin. Because most taxa displayed significant relations with water depth, a transfer function was developed, relating fossil chironomids to water depth. This model has a high coefficient of determination and a low estimate of prediction error. In this study, Paracladius was found to prefer shallow and intermediate water depths, hence enhanced offshore transport of early instar head capsules may weaken model performance statistics. Results indicate that intra-lake calibration sets of invertebrate remains have great potential in paleolimnological research, though there is a possible risk of spatial autocorrelation. Such datasets also contribute to the understanding of the modern ecology of the fauna because fossil assemblages in surface deposits provide habitat-specific autecological information. More effort should be directed at evaluating how remains of different instars are transported within other lake basins, because selective offshore transport of head capsules of different larval stages can potentially cause bias in environmental reconstructions.