Feasibility of implementing ecological compensation for offshore wind power in the Finnish Baltic Sea area

The expansion of offshore wind power in the Baltic Sea raises concerns about biodiversity impacts. Ecological compensation (EC) is a potential strategy to mitigate these effects, but its feasibility remains uncertain. This study examines the viability of EC for offshore wind projects in the Finnish Baltic Sea region from ecological, governance, financial, and social perspectives. Through expert interviews with industry, government, NGOs, and researchers, we identify key challenges and opportunities of implementing EC measures, using Finland as a case study. While governance and social acceptance support EC, ecological and financial constraints pose significant barriers due to the limited knowledge and uncertainties considering marine ecosystems. Four suggestions are highlighted to improve the feasibility of EC, including 1) establishing a specialised authority for implementation and market management of EC, 2) initiate pilot projects in collaboration with stakeholders, industry and research institutes, 3) conduct further research on offshore wind impacts in the Baltic Sea and 4) adopt flexible and transparent policy frameworks supporting implementation of EC.