Direct democracy integrity in modern authoritarian systems- The constitutional referendum in Turkey 2017 and Russian plebiscite in 2020

In Modern Authoritarian regimes, a relatively large number of referendums were implemented in the last decades. These had important consequences for institutional change. Using the Direct Democracy Integrity Index for the Turkish constitutional referendum in 2017 and the Russian Constitutional referendum in 2020, it will be analyzed whether these plebiscites fulfill the standards and whether these differ from constitutional referendums. Was the level of Integrity high during the election or in the pre- or post-election period? On the one hand modern authoritarian systems use strategies of mobilization and activism. On the other hand strategies of repression are leading to passivity, disengagement and apathy by repression. Both have strong effects on integrity of referendums.