Wintertime diffusion of sedimentary phosphorus – implications for under-ice phosphorus removal from eutrophic lakes

Purpose: Many eutrophic lakes are located in regions where lakes become ice-covered during the winter. This study aimed to find out if phosphorus (P) could be withdrawn from such lakes by utilizing the wintertime accumulation of P to the near-bottom water. Methods: Data for water quality and sediment characteristics were collected from two eutrophic boreal lakes with tube samplers and sediment corers. Diffusion rates of P across the sediment-water interface (SWI) and within the active sediment layers, and potential export of P via wintertime withdrawal were calculated. Results: In the stratifying Lake Kymijärvi, P concentration in the near-bottom water reached 66 µg L⁻¹ and P diffusion across SWI in the hypoxic area 5.4 mg m⁻² d⁻¹. In the shallow Lake Savijärvi, maximum P concentration was 78 µg L⁻¹ but P diffusion rate only 0.34 mg m⁻² d⁻¹. In Kymijärvi, the concentrations of Fe and Mn in the sediment were high relative to P. In Savijärvi, sediment P was bound to clay minerals and calcium carbonates, while Fe was bound in sulfides. Conclusion: In Kymijärvi, a theoretical14.3% reduction in epilimnetic TP concentration could be achieved in 20 years with 20 L s⁻¹ winter withdrawal. In Savijärvi, 10 L s⁻¹ withdrawal could theoretically cause a 5.8% reduction in TP concentration in 5 years, but the low P diffusion rate across SWI, and the low discharge of the lake may limit P removal. In Kymijärvi, where summertime withdrawal is already applied, additional winter withdrawal could accelerate lake recovery.