University and the contingencies in politics of research, development and innovations: Finnish reform of doctoral schools and doctoral programs

Plurality of public interests on differentiation of science policy has brought forth a policy combination Research-Development-Innovation (R-D-I). This has been legitimized in politics of OECD and EU member states and it creates expectations also for doctoral education. The chapter suggest conceptualizing the policy compound (R-D-I) in systems theoretical terms as a contingency formula (Luhmann). This helps understanding certain structural features and the dynamics of the changes in form of doctoral schools with variety of programs crossing faculty and department boarders in Finland.